Babies ( Balmes, 2010 ) Is An Unusual Documentary Film

Babies (Balmes, 2010) is an unusual documentary film that does not have any narration. This documentary film follows four babies from four different countries: Ponijao from Namibia, Bayar from Mongolia, Mari from Japan, and Hattie from the United States. The film takes viewers to these four babies’ development from their birth to roughly around age one. These four babies are different starting from when they are born. While Namibian parents gets no help from hospital, American parents does not even think of giving birth to the children without going to the hospital. When the baby is born, Hattie meets the world with bunch of medical equipment whereas Namibian child gets no such test. Anyone who encounters Babies (Balmes, 2010) would realize how different culture affects children even from their infancy. Most distinctively, it can be inferred that children development differs by the culture of parenting, the child’s attachment, and the child’s motor development. Babies (Balmes, 2010) depicts parenting styles of four parents by putting segments of each babies’ moment consecutively. Out of the many differences, it is hard not to notice the duration that the parents are around their children. Bayar’s, the Mongolian child, parents are busy working in the nomadic environment. It is portrayed that the parents often leave the child alone. However, Mari’s, the Japanese child, parents appears in most of her section of the film. The difference is also prominent in children’s hygiene.

Business Ethics and Global Economy - 10535 Words

6433ch10.qxd_lb 10/19/06 10:43 AM Page 260 CHAPTER OBJECTIVES ââ€"† CHAPTER 10 Business Ethics in a Global Economy CHAPTER OUTLINE Ethical Perceptions and International Business Culture as a Factor in Business Adapting Ethical Systems to a Global Framework Global Values The Multinational Corporation Sexual and Racial Discrimination Human Rights Price Discrimination Bribery Harmful Products Pollution and the Natural Environment Telecommunications Issues Intellectual-Property Protection World Trade Organization To understand the role of culture as a factor in business ethics To discuss cultural relativism and global business ethics To explore global values To assess the role of multinational corporations in business ethics To†¦show more content†¦However, late one afternoon Sid and a few others provided the proper forms, and Ron signed them without realizing what he had done. Several months passed and the three survivors had resorted to lowering their expenses by using their own funds. This in turn led to Sid churning some of his accounts; that is, he bought and sold stocks for the express purpose of increasing his own revenues. Churning was tolerated in Japan, along with other practices that would be deemed questionable in the United States. Ron was oblivious to what Sid was doing because his focus was on reducing expenses. In the previous month, a group of important DR clients had thrown a party for a few of their favorite brokers at one of their local haunts. After the customary toasts and small talk, it was suggested to Sid that a Japanese cartel might be interested in DR. Sid was cautious and nothing else was mentioned. Several weeks later at another party, Sid and the two remaining DR people were told that a takeover was imminent. But to make the takeover painless, the cartel needed certain sensitive 6433ch10.qxd_lb 10/19/06 10:43 AM Page 262 262 PART 4 ââ€"† IMPLEMENTING BUSINESS ETHICS IN A GLOBAL ECONOMY information. Sid’s reward for providing it would be a high position in the new, reorganized company and a â€Å"wink/nod† agreement that he could go anywhere in the world for his next assignment. That week Ron had announced that headquarters was pleased with the productivity of theShow MoreRelatedEthical Principles Of The Word Ethics1464 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality ... and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group or individual (Deigh, 1995). Since we were kids and we began to realize what was around us, our parents and grandparents have taught us the basic knowledge of what is good and what is bad. It is indeed an inherent characteristic of all human being and grows from our desires toRead MoreDiscuss the Importance of Ethics in Business in Light of the Recent Global Financial Crisis (Gfc)1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe 2008 global financial crisis has affected today’s economy severely based on the collapses on issues such as immoral practices, governance, regulations, enterprise ethics. Factors to consider with the collapse that lead to the financial crisis is the dangerous outcomes that financial companies were not foreseen in advanced of borrowing mortgages for the companies. The change of ethics through enterprises demonstrate how business approaches to ethics over the past years where ethics is seen inRead MoreGlobal Crossing Management1100 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Crossing Management 1 Global Crossing Management Mary Adams MGT/330 April 6, 2010 Global Crossing Management 2 Global Crossing Management Global Crossing was founded in 1997 by Gary Winnick. They reported $3.8 billion in revenue and $1.9 billion in losses in 2000. Global Crossing is a leading global IP solutions provider. Global Crossing has developed theRead MoreBook Report On Ethical Decision Making830 Words   |  4 Pages Ethics Hamed Alanazi Book Report Ethical decision-making 10th edition â€Æ' Ethics The book I chose is â€Å"Business ethics: Ethical decision-making† 10th edition is written by O. C. Ferrell, John Fraedrich, Ferrell. It was published by Cengage Learning in 2014. This book consists of almost 340 pages and five parts. According to Amazon this book is among top seller. Something extraordinary about this book is that, this book highlight several cases related to the business ethics that help the readerRead MoreEssay about Ethics in International Business1657 Words   |  7 Pages Ethics in International Business Abstract International business ethics challenges the corporate world to deal with questions of what to do in situations where ethical standards come into conflict as a result of the different cultural practices in the nation. Since, there is this dilemma that has progressively troubled the large multinational corporations, international business ethics has arisen to help address these adhesive subject matters. There are several international business ethicsRead MoreThe Law For Global Business1014 Words   |  5 PagesEthic Issue Paper MBA511 Law for Global Business Instructor: Robert Richards Student: Yan Gao November 10 , 2014 â€Æ' I. Question: Do multi-national corporations (MNE s) have a social and ethical responsibility beyond the legal requirements of trying to maximize stockholder value (making profits), adhering to contracts, and obeying the laws of the different countries where they operate? The rapid development of economy promotes the development of multinational companies, which have becomeRead MoreWal-Marts Values1574 Words   |  7 PagesExploring the World Wide Web -Go to Wal-Mart’s web site www.walmart.com and read the information there about the company’s stance on the ethics of Global Outsourcing and the treatment of workers in countries abroad. Then search the Web for some recent stories about Wal-Mart’s global purchasing practices and reports on the enforcement of its code of conduct. I. â€Å"Brief† Summary of the exercise Wal-Mart was founded back in 1962 by Sam Walton who instilled values and the three basic beliefs thatRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Enron Corporation1124 Words   |  5 Pagesand lasting impact for all stakeholders associated with the organization, seeking to strike a balance between profits and helping to establish lasting investment in the community (Carrol, 2015). In the 1980’s, then President Reagan challenged the business community to take on more responsibility to address social problems (Carrol, 2015). Socially responsible actions can benefit local communities as well as the greater societal good. Oddly enough, Enron had a CSR strategy with a very good reputationRead MoreThe Industry Environment : Walmart s Competitiveness1616 Words   |  7 Pageslittle threats to Walmart but not necessary to take them so seriously. For threat of substitute products or services, the influence is in the high level on this industry. The prices and quality of substitute products are very competitive with their economies of scale. The retailers can only gain advantages in services. Walmart should not worry about the issues but still need to develop their services. And here, we should pay more attention to the products which are sold by online retailers. These substituteRead MoreImpact Of Human Decisions On The Social Responsibility899 Words   |  4 Pagessocial corporate responsibility context through the various decisions made by business personnel based on their ethical values which directly or indirectly affect their employees and other people in the society as well. People’s decisions are often based on their moral perceptions of things. These perceptions are often sculptured by their diverse cultural backgrounds thereby bringing varying moral perceptions of global issues. In corporate social responsibility, the social concept of morality can

John Coltrane Essay - 5593 Words

quot;Ive got to keep experimenting. I feel that Im just beginning. I have part of what Im looking for in my grasp, but not all.amp;quot; This phrase, from the liner notes of quot;My Favorite Thingsquot; clearly defines Coltranes life and his search for the incorporation of his spirituality with his music. John Coltrane was not only an essential contributor to jazz, but also music itself. John Coltrane died thirty-two years ago, on July 17, 1967, at the age of forty. In the years since, his influence has only grown, and the stellar avant-garde saxophonist has become a jazz legend of a stature shared only by Louis Armstrong and Charlie Parker. As an instrumentalist Coltrane was technically and imaginatively equal to both;†¦show more content†¦Shortly after, he moved to Haig Point, North Carolina to live with his mothers father, the Reverend Walter Blaire. Walter Blaire would later on be a significant influence on Coltranes music and spirituality. Coltranes father, a tailor, served to be a source of Coltranes interest in music through his fathers ability to play the clarinet, violin, and various other instrument s. Furthermore, Coltranes mother studied music. Both of Coltranes grandfathers were ministers; and through their worship services, Coltrane began to build his roots. Johns first encounters with music were through his father who played various instruments such as the violin, clarinet and ukulele. Other early influences included the religious music and preaching at his grandfathers community church. In 1938, his grandfather died and soon after, so did his father. At this time, Coltrane listened to the radio, which provided him with music by artists that would later become influences for his own music. These artists included Woody Herman, Lester Young, Johnny Hodges and Artie Shaw. At the age of 15, Coltrane began playing and studying the E-flat alto horn, the clarinet, and the saxophone at William Penn High School Orchestra, while listening to such artists as Woody Herman, Lester Young, and Thelonious Monk. It was in high school when John had his first girlfriend. Johns friend Frankli n was interested in one girl, but John stole her away with hisShow MoreRelatedEssay on John Coltrane1679 Words   |  7 Pages John Coltrane: An Experimental Musician Jazz, which evolved from African American folk music, has developed and changed over the last century to become an art form in America. It places particular importance on inventive self interpretation. Rather than relying on a written piece, the artist improvises. Jazz has taken many forms over the past seventy years; there is almost always a single person who can be credited with the evolution of that sound. From Thelonius Monk, and his bebop, to Dizzy Gillespie’sRead MoreEssay on John Coltrane914 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Coltrane John Coltrane was born on September 23, 1926, in Hamlet, North Carolina. This particular day had important astrological significance. It was the day of the autumn equinox, one of only two days through the year where night and day are perfectly equal (Fraim 7). Shortly after his birth, Coltranes family moved to High Point, North Carolina. He lived in a nice neighborhood sharing a house with his mom and dad, aunt and uncle and cousin, and his grandparents, the Blairs (7)Read More Spirituality and John Coltrane Essay3937 Words   |  16 PagesSpirituality and John Coltrane After being fired from Miles Daviss band in 1957 for his chronic use of heroin, John Coltrane was hurt tremendously. He decided it was time he quit using heroin. He took a month off from music while he went cold turkey. During this month in the early spring of 1957, Coltrane had a momentous religious experience (Nisenson, 40). Coltrane asked God to give him the means and privilege to make others happy through music (Coltrane, 1995, 2). As timeRead MoreJohn Coltrane Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Coltrane John Coltrane Jazz, taking its roots in African American folk music, has evolved, metamorphosed, and transposed itself over the last century to become a truly American art form. More than any other type of music, it places special emphasis on innovative individual interpretation. Instead of relying on a written score, the musician improvises. For each specific period or style through which jazz has gone through over the past seventy years, there is almost always a single personRead MoreWhat Makes John Coltrane?2416 Words   |  10 Pagessee the light in this complicated world of ours. One of the many people in this world who have experienced this enlightenment is John Coltrane. What makes this man special is that he like many others started out life with no path he only lived in the moment not thinking about how he can leave his mark on the world. However unlike the majority of the population Coltrane midway through his life realised he needed to make a change in the world and that the way he would do it would be through his musicRead MoreJohn Coltrane : A Legendary Saxophonist1028 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Coltrane John Coltrane is noted as a legendary saxophonist. His career was brief, controversial yet noted among the most important figure in Jazz. He grew up playing the clarinet and eventually changed to the alto and tenor saxophone. He was not only a musician, but he was also a composer. He endured the loss of several influential men at a young age. Throughout his musical career, he played in many bands including quartets, quintets and sextets. He played alongside many great musicians duringRead MoreJohn Coltrane1566 Words   |  7 Pagesmusic and also jazz musicians. Among these musicians, is John Coltrane, considered one of the greatest jazz saxophonists and composers of all time. He was also one of the most important and influential musicians of the twentieth century. John William Coltrane was born in Hamlet, North Carolina on September 23, 1926. Moving from Hamlet as an infant, Coltrane grew up in High Point, North Carolina, where most of his family lived. John had a very rough life as a kid due to the fact that he grewRead MoreCry - Alvin Ailey Essay780 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific detail in order to portray the intent as well as possible. For example, in this work there are three distinct sections and for each new section, there is a new song that is played. The songs used in this work are ‘Something About John Coltrane’ by Alice Coltrane, ‘Been On A Train’ by Laura Nyro and ‘Right On. Be Free.’ by The Voices Of East Harlem. In a couple of these songs the word ‘north’ is used quite a bit. My personal interpretation is that these slaves perhaps saw freedom and/or refugeRead MoreThe Influence Of Jazz Music2019 Words   |  9 Pagesthe musician (Larson 2). John Coltrane was one of many mus icians that used jazz as this medium. Through his early works in the bebop and hard bop styles to free form and more spiritual styled music later in his career, Coltrane pursued deeper expression from his music (Wikipedia). John Coltrane’s upbringing and early interest in music led to a successful career of highly innovative works that have left a lasting legacy and influence on the jazz community. John William Coltrane was born September 23Read MoreMy Best Abilities The Beginning Of Coltrane s Alabama With King s Speech1557 Words   |  7 Pagesbeginning of Coltrane s Alabama with King s speech. Hearing a recording of the two overlapping is much more obvious but you can still see how some of the words can fit into the rhythms Coltrane played. I personally believe Coltrane did this on purpose. Of course, we have no way of know but there are some points in the speech and music where it lines up so well that it s unmistakable. There are also parts that do not mix well together, some of which you can see above but maybe Coltrane did that on

Essay on Teaching Mathematics - 556 Words

Teaching Mathematics My interest in teaching mathematics came from the experience of helping others. I have always enjoyed learning math, and I realized that I also like helping other people learn math, especially those that struggle with it or those who have a disliking for it. As a teacher, I will be able to fulfill my aspirations; both my students and I will learn together and from one another. I feel that it is important for me, as a teacher, to stay current and deepen my understanding of mathematics and mathematics education. My learning will continue from my experiences and interactions as a teacher, helping me to become a better educator. I must always be willing to learn from the things I do and use this to better my†¦show more content†¦Also, it is important when teaching to satisfy the needs of all students in the classroom. Everyone should have the opportunity to learn. However, this can sometimes be a difficult task because learning happens in a variety of ways. Not all stude nts learn in the same manner; different learning styles are a given in a class full of diverse students. Every student is an individual, and so they do not all learn and retain information exactly the same way. Therefore, in order for my students to succeed in my class, my teaching style will include many different aspects because I believe it is helpful for students to learn with the aid of such methods as cooperative learning, technology, manipulatives, and a variety of assessment techniques. Using these different methods will help all different learning styles from visual to auditory to kinesthetic. Also, these are all very important because, although lecturing can be effective sometimes, using multiple teaching methods gives students the opportunity to experience concepts for themselves and keeps them aware of what they are responsible for knowing and understanding. By learning in this way, students will not only find class more interesting, but they will have a better perc eption of the information they are expected to know. Finally, most students see school and teachers as an unwanted obligation. They attend school because they are required to,Show MoreRelatedMy Philosophy Of Teaching Mathematics1545 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophy of teaching mathematics is based upon the belief that the curriculum should be centered on the students. My job as an educator is to provide the students with a variety of knowledge, and to help them achieve their goals; to make sure they reach their full potential. When working with children, it should never be about the teacher. It is all about the individual children and their needs will always be a first priority. As an educator, I have mixed feelings about Common Core Mathematics. I wasRead MoreTeaching Mathematics Essay example914 Words   |  4 PagesWhen teaching mathematics to children the teacher’s enthusiasm can determine whether or not the childs math experience is negative or positive. For instance if you do not like math chances are, it will show up in the activities that you prepare for the child, as well as the way you go about a question because the children will sense your frustration that you have for math. If a teacher likes math on the other hand the activities will be well thought out, and the children will be able to ask questionsRead MoreElementary Methods : Teaching Mathematics5785 Words   |  24 PagesElementary Methods Unit 4: Teaching Mathematics Summary: With the implementation of Common Core, there is a misconception that students are learning ?new math.? However, students are not learning new concepts, just a new way of thinking about those concepts. In this unit, you will explore some effective instructional strategies and approaches to teaching students, way to get them to think mathematically, how to bridge the gap between concrete and abstract and incorporate technology to allow forRead MoreThe Challenges Of Mathematics Teaching And Learning1169 Words   |  5 Pages1. What did you learn about the challenges of mathematics teaching and learning? One thing I learned about the challenges of teaching mathematics was how hard it is to not interfere as soon as a child is struggling with a problem. Sometimes you have to allow a child to struggling through a problem because that how they learn. That immediately helping them and telling them what to do isn’t going to help grown their understanding. Other thing was the multiple ways that you can think about math. HowRead MoreKnowing And Teaching Elementary Mathematics Essay1763 Words   |  8 PagesWithin the book Knowing and Teaching Elementary Mathematics the author Liping Ma addresses the topics within math, which seem to be at war with each other. Only focusing on chapter 1 Ma discusses how some of the United States’ teachers view subtraction as well as how some of China’s teachers view subtraction. Ma interviewed 23 teachers from the United States and 19 out of the 23 or 83% focused on the procedure of subtraction with no context as to why. (pg. 2) When given the problem of 23-17 theRead MoreQuestions On Learning And Teaching Mathematics1941 Words   |  8 Pages Assignment #1 Sonia Minoza Math 311 Jeff O’Keefe October 15, 2014 Learning and Teaching Mathematics o Affective Domain: growth in feelings or emotional areas (attitude or self) The affective domain includes the manner in which we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes. o Cognitive Domain: mental skills (thinking) Knowledge, Comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis How to nurture the Affective andRead More Successfully Teaching Mathematics Essay520 Words   |  3 PagesSuccessfully Teaching Mathematics The classroom is a widely diverse environment with many topics to discuss, many discoveries to make, and many different ways to learn. This wide palette of knowledge potential is a blessing and a curse to teachers, challenging them to reach each mind, to convey to everyone an understanding of the world that will improve their lives. The ever-increasing importance of mathematics in the computer age draws attention to the methods with which we teach it. IRead MoreTeaching Mathematics And The Middle School Classroom872 Words   |  4 Pages After teaching mathematics in a middle school classroom, I recognized my likes and dislikes about teaching math. My biggest dislike about teaching mathematics is the fact that many students have a negative attitude about mathematics and have become discouraged throughout their elementary years. Once a student believes they are not capable of doing math, it is hard to change their belief. Another dislike about teaching mathematics is that during this change to a more problem solving and student-centeredRead MoreTeaching And Learning Mathematics For Elementary Students1520 Words   |  7 PagesAn article, I chose, related to teaching and learning mathematics for elementary students is â€Å"STEM Gives Meaning to Mathematics† by Lukas J. Hefty. This article is about how teachers can teach mathematics while teaching science. Teachers can do this by using â€Å"STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) education† (Hefty, 2015, p. 424). This allows teachers to in tegrate science with math or math with technology. The article mentions that STEM â€Å"frees students to reason about complex problemsRead MoreEssay on Important Aspects of Teaching Mathematics1429 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching mathematics has evolved from the traditional instrumentalist view where the focus is on knowledge mathematical facts, rules and methods as independent concepts, to the more contemporary constructivist approach which focuses on building on prior knowledge and experiences incorporating mathematical facts, rules and methods to problem solve and investigate new mathematical concepts. This will in turn, enable students to apply concepts in real life situations. Teaching thematically is an approach

Han and Roman Empire - 778 Words

Han and Roman Empires The Roman Empire existed between 31 B.C.E to 476 C.E. and the Han Dynasty occurred 202 B.C.E. to 220 C.E. They existed at same times but were on opposite ends of Eurasia. They both had regions that were ruled by either kings, viceroys or governors in the name of the emperor. They were both similar in slavery, government, and their downfall. They also had their differences in religion, military, and center of power. Both civilizations had very strong central governments which allowed for powerful and expanding kingdoms. Both empires had to develop road systems for their expanding military. The Roman army men were experienced and privileged and held high ranks in their class system and played an important role,†¦show more content†¦The Roman empire collapsed due to pressure of invasions by barbarians in the west and the Persians in the east. Generals that were rivals murdered emperors and overtook the throne. Economy declined and the state kept taking more and more taxes and resources from the citizens. In the west, in the fifth century, Roman authority collapsed and in the east a Christian Roman Empire survived in the city of Constantinople and turned into the Byzantine Empire. 1. Albert M. Craig, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, Frank M. Turner. â€Å"Republic and Imperial Rome†. The Heritage of World Civilizations. 1: 124-156. (2007, 2005, 2002) Pearson Education, Inc. New Jersey. 2. Albert M. Craig, William A. Graham, Donald Kagan, Steven Ozment, Frank M. Turner. â€Å"China‘s First Empire†. The Heritage of World Civilizations. 1: 1152 (2007, 2005, 2002) Pearson Education, Inc. NewShow MoreRelatedThe Roman Empire and the Han Empire 513 Words   |  2 PagesAfter the collapse of the Qin Dynasty in the third century BCE, the Han Empire emerged as a massive imperial power in the East. Its culture was compiled upon the teachings of Confucius and ancestor worship. Meanwhile in the west, the Romans solidified their authority as being a dominant force in the Mediterranean. Both the Roman Empire and the Han Empire were similar in their governments as they both supported a centralized government. On the other hand, they were different in the manner of how theyRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And Roman Empire1059 Words   |  5 PagesThe Han Dynasty ruled China from 206 B.C.E to 220 A.D, and Polybius wrote his account of Rome around 200 B.C.E. Though the Han Dyn asty and Roman Empire existed simultaneously, they were vastly different because they were separated by thousands of miles and high mountain ranges. It is widely agreed upon that the two empires had very little contact, especially in the years when Polybius wrote his account. Though separated, the two empires developed their own societies that were highly sophisticatedRead MoreRoman Empire And Han Dynasty960 Words   |  4 PagesRoman Empire and Han Dynasty Comparison When comparing Han China and Roman Empire, many political, geographical, and religious similarities can be found, though many differences are also prevalent. Though Roman and Han political structures both emphasized bureaucracies, they came to them quite differently. Through many amounts of expansion, both societies spread culture and earned money, though expansion was eventually their downfalls. Their religions differed immensely, with Rome emphasizing polytheismRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And Roman Empire1223 Words   |  5 PagesThe Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, though worlds away, used technology as one of their building elements to create the great societies we know them as today. Through the documents provided, one can easily understand that both Roman and Han attitudes have both similar and different attitudes when it comes to the idea of technology. Although the usage of technology greatly differed between the Han Dynasty and Roman Empire, both civilizations experienced the p ositive and negative effects that technologyRead MoreRoman Empire And The Han Dynasty810 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Empire and the Han dynasty both have created inventions that have inspired the modern world, and created impressive innovations and processes that advanced their primitive societies in the ancient world. Both civilizations worked tirelessly to create innovative solutions to the problems they had, or to advance their cities in a way they felt could not be replicated. Each city had their own view on how these inventions should be created and ran. The Romans created aqueducts and inventedRead MoreThe Han Dynasty And The Roman Empire2038 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction a. Thesis: Addresses issues or themes to be compared. TAKE A POSITION!!!(1 point) Unlike he classical age Han Dynasty that was destroyed by rebellions of the poor, the classical age Roman Empire’s overreliance on slaves and a divided empire left them with no loyal citizens to extricate them from collapse. However, while the pair differs in their downfalls, both the Roman Empire and Han Dynasty collapsed due to bad leadership driven by greed for power and land that caused them to overextend theirRead MoreThe Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesTHE ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Imagine being the head of government in one or two of the most famously remembered governments in the world’s history! The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty are two of the most famous governments in history. The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty were governed in very different ways, however both contributed greatly to Western civilization. The Roman Empire was in power between 1,000 and 1,200 years. The Han Dynasty was inRead MoreRoman Empire Vs. Han Dynasty939 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay Roman Empire vs. Han Dynasty Bethany Corl HIEU 201-B11 September 29, 2014 Compare and Contrast Essay The Roman and Han empires flourished in culture, wealth, and technological advances at their pinnacle, leading not to future stability, but to greed, corruption, and ultimately their downfall. The Roman and Han empires were different with respect to how each came to gaining their power. However, each held several similarities within their governmentsRead MoreThe Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty Essay1576 Words   |  7 Pages The Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty reached unprecedented levels of progress by controlling equally vast lands and territories, utilizing ecological, economic and human resources, and consolidating power by the unification of their regimes under a common legal and cultural framework.   The Roman Empire stretched from the present day British Isles to the present day Iraq and lasted five hundred years from 27 BC to 467 AD.   The Han Dynasty dominated Asia from the Korean Peninsula to present day VietnamRead MoreROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA1441 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ROMAN EMPIRE AND THE HAN DYNASTY IN CHINA Rodrick Carter HIEU 201 Liberty University 29 November 2014 Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty in China The Roman Empire and Han Dynasty in China are two kingdoms that, despite the geographical difference between them, managed to achieve great success and failure in equal measure. Both were characterized by imperial dynasties that were headed by the emperors and they held large territories. Both of these kingdoms faced various challenges after

Flexible Capacity Strategy in Asymmetric Oligopoly †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Flexible Capacity Strategy in Asymmetric Oligopoly. Answer: Introduction: According to the number of sellers and buyers, the structure of market can be divided into various forms, for in instance, perfectly competitive market, monopoly market and oligopoly market. This essay is going to discuss about the oligopoly market structure, where small number of firms dominate the entire market. Under this market structure, each firm knows about the actions of other firm and based on this, the firm takes its own business decision. Hence, collusion is occurred based on certain agreement among firms at the time of competition (Haraguchi Matsumura, 2016). This practice is known as cartel. Thus, the chief feature of this specified market structure is interdependency. This market structure is very common from practical point of view, where small number of producers supply a huge portion of the entire market supply. There exit various types of restrictions to control exit of a firm under market, which in turn has helped the market behave like an oligopoly, for instance, patents and economies of scale. Patent is implemented legally though this restriction is existed until another competing firm invents same product with higher quality (Leibowicz, 2018). Oligopoly market can be existed, where large-scale of firms operate, for instance, capital-intensive industries, by capturing large market share can bear huge amount of costs, which become impossible for other industries to carry. Moreover, by adopting new technologies, those firms can successfully prevent the entry of other firms into the market (Gugler Szcs, 2016). This scenario can be seen in the motor vehicle industries, where limited number of companies dominates this entire automobile industry. The banking system in British is also experiencing the oligopolistic market structure, where four major banks dominate their countrys entire banking system. In this context, it is important to analyse the reason that why those oligopolistic industries have not tried to form a monopolistic market. This situation can be analysed with the help of some economic concepts. According to some economists, the number of firms does not depend only on their economies of scale but it depends on the keenness to merge with each other. In this context, it is beneficial to explain that economies of scale cannot operate without large market structure. The oligopolistic market has some advantage as each firm, without controlling the market price, can influence this. As interdependency prevails in the market, a firms price and production policy can influence others and consequently, those firms also respond. Thus, the chief characteristic of this market form is its price stickiness. In this market, a producer experiences kinked demand curve, which means, if the price increases then the demand for the concerned persons product decreases significantly, while by decreasing the price level, the producer can increase its output level by small amount. This situation occurs because other firms follow the strategy of price reduction. Thus from this consequences, the phenomena of leaders and followers under price leadership model, cartels and price fixing, production discrimination and cut price competition has occurred. The concept of price leaders and followers have been observed under the price leadership model, where a producer, by applying the dominant position, can play the lead role to set a fixed price and at the same time, other producers follow the price structure of the leader. In this context, the concept of cartel has occurred, which implies a situation where all competing firms charge the similar prices. However, in this price settlement, agreements related to market shares or operational areas each firm may not be included. Those firms can implement their market share, where demand becomes low compare to supply at the cartel price some producers can experience surplus capacity. Thus, all firms under a cartel operate like a monopolist, for instance, the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is well-known oil cartel, all over the world (Pierru, Smith Zamrik, 2018). The other example of cartel is airfares. The International Air Transport Association (Iata) has fixed this f are, based on international agreement. The chief focus of Iata is to achieve daily services without considering customer satisfaction. On the contrary, charter tour companies have provided holiday packages with other essential accommodation with a normal price range (Moreno-Izquierdo, Ramn-Rodrguez Ribes, 2015). Hence, each company have formed their own cartel to operate their business. In Britain, the clearing banks have been operating a cartel on bank charges and interest rates for many years. However, by implementing policies based on credit control and competition, the Heath government has closed this agreement in 1972 (Flgel Grtner 2018). At present, large banks of this state has set their individual interest rates for the purpose of borrowing and lending. Thus, this money market has also formed oligopolistic competition as each bank has followed the interest rates charged by other banks. However, expect price leadership strategy, firms under oligopolistic market also compete with each other by adopting various strategies, for instance, product differentiation and cut-price competition (Ju et al., 2015). To compete with each other, each firm, under this market structure, has followed product differentiation through advertisement, brand image and styles and other strategies that are related with price (Neary Leahy, 2015). Hence, by adopting this strategy, each firm tries to capture its own market. Moreover, the market can adopt another business strategy to compete while it faces insufficient amount of demand. This strategy is called cut-price competition, where due insufficient demand; firms have remained unsuccessful to achieve the targeted level of sales (Huck, Lnser Tyran, 2016). This situation has occurred when while each firm, by adopting new business strategy, wants to capture a large share of the entire marker. Thus, according to this strategy, firms with larg e amount of profit, sustain in the market, while others, by incurring loss or low amount of revenue, exit from the market. Rolls-Royce and some major manufacturing companies of aircrafts have sustained in their respective market after adopting this cut-price competition strategy. However, in Britain, various tour companies have collapsed during the period of 1974-75, when the economy has faced price hike in oil industry, which in turn, has increased the transport costs (Dietzsch, 2015). Advantages and disadvantages: In this context, some advantages and disadvantages of this specified market can be explained from a consumers perspective, where economies of scale can influence the product price to go down. However, by performing this economic activity, firms can experience waste due to over capacity or the market can face an increasing monopoly one (dAspremont Ferreira, 2016). In addition to this, under oligopolies, by adopting price-fixing agreements and cartels, can exploit the market by forming a monopoly condition. Thus, the government of a state, by implementing various policies and restrictions, can prevent this economical exploitation (Idrees, Vasconcelos Ellis, 2018). In this context, restricted policies of the government of United States can be taken as an example, where competition has been prohibited by implementing antitrust legislation. For instance, the U.S government has imposed legislation on one of the leading computer company of the state, IBM. Thus, the chief motive of the gov ernment of a state is to restrict collusion in an oligopolistic market, to protect the shelf-interests of consumers. Instead of these restrictions, the government has overlooked the price fixing practices under this oligopolistic market condition some firms, who are supported by the government (Tyers, 2015). Moreover, to prevent the unethical business practices, the government of Britain often has taken steps to protect companies like Rolls Royce and British Leyland, who have been squeezed out under this market environment. After the Second World War, the petrochemical industry has significantly increased their business by adopting this oligopolistic market structure. The industry, through their building blocks, has manufactured various products for customers, like synthetic fibres, dyes and rubber and all others. Those product groups can be divided into two parts, viz., ethylene and benzene, whose demand has increased in the world market since 1950 compare to all other industrial products (Tobin, 2018). However, this increasing trend of growth can be occurred with the help of three factors. Firstly, the price of various petrochemical products, for instance, artificial fibres has become affordable along with higher quality. Secondly, the technological development and economies of scale have been exploited due to the increasing demand of those petrochemical products, which in turn has helped to increase the productivity of those products. For instance, in 1050s, the ethylene cracker of first generation h as produced about 30000 to 50000 tonnes of output while, at present, the amount of same output is 500000 tonnes (Strm, 2018). Thirdly, large scale of production has earned some other economical advantages in the form of fewer workers, complete utilisation of fuel usage and raw materials and downstream of the chief product. However, the cracker industry has also faced some problems due to excessive production. Firstly, to produce more outputs, the industry has invested more capital inputs. Secondly, costs associated with the start-up of this industry have remained higher because of capital-intensive technology. Thirdly, the production technology, under this industry, has reached at its maximum level. Thus from this discussion of the petrochemical, it can be seen that the industry has faced both advantages and disadvantages for its oligopolistic behaviour (Yang, Ng Ni 2017). Initially, by reducing price level, the industry has experienced an increasing demand for its product, which in turn, has helped this entity to earn higher amount of profit, which can be invested to increase the plant size further. However, after achieving full penetration, this increasing trend of petrochemical has decreased. Therefore, the demand for input raw materials, like benzene and ethylene, has varied significantly, compare to that for final products. In addition to this, due to enhancing efficiency in the production process, the industry has experienced price-cutting. Thus, the capacity of plant operation, below 80%, between 1960s and 1970s, has experienced an uneconomic condition (Tobin, 2018). Thus, to protect the excessive amount of output, this price-cutting strategy has been applied by the industry from the future perspective of industry growth. Thus, from the above discussion, a structure of oligopolistic market can be drawn, where few numbers of firms operate their business by adopting different market strategies, which are not followed in any other market structures, like perfect competition or monopoly. However, in some situations, an oligopolistic marker can perform like a monopolistic one, for instance, by forming a cartel (Haraguchi Matsumura, 2016). To make a market oligopoly, that is, to make the number of firms limited, an industry can adopt various restrictions, for instance, patent and economies of scale. One of the chief characteristics of this specified market structure is interdependency among all firms, that is, one firm can influence the business strategy of others or the entire market by applying its own business strategy. In this context, it can be stated that the oligopolistic market has been experienced some advantages as well as some disadvantage. Under the situation of price leadership model, an experienced and large-scale firm has set the price level while other firms follow this level. By applying this method, firms can protect themselves from incurring losses. For instance, due to short of demand, firms can experience excess supply of output. In this situation, to face with this economical situation, the firms can protect themselves by forming a cartel, where they operate as a monopolist (Idrees, Vasconcelos Ellis, 2018). They can also earn profit by competing with each other through product differentiation through advertisement or other non-price competition. In addition to this, by applying cut-price competition, the market can reduce the number of firms, where large firms trough installing capacity produce large number of outputs to capture excess share in the market. This price-cutting com petition helps consumers by decreasing the price level, though this strategy may affect those firms negatively as the market can face excess capacity of production and monopolistic behaviour of the existing firms. Hence, to prevent this competition, government intervention is essential. Thus, by forming a cartel, all firms can behave like a monopolist with a unique price level, which in turn, has helped those competing firms at the time low demand while, in other forms of market competition, weak firms have lost their market share. Moreover, an industry can face advantages due to higher amount of demand like the petrochemical industry, initially (Yang, Ng Ni, 2017). However, in the later phase, the industry has experienced various disadvantages due to large economies of scale, which in turn, has helped to decrease the production in this industry. Under monopolistic market, a producer can charge higher amount of price for a product compare to the average costs while the nature of this products demand curve is inelastic. Thus, the producer, by charging higher price of product, can earn higher amount of revenue, which in turn, helps the person to earn excess profit in market (Kairouz et al., 2017). Moreover, the producer can apply price discrimination for same product in different markets. Hence, by applying this strategy, the producer can exploit customers, especially for necessary goods, this practice has become easier for the concerned person. The monopoly market does not prevail only in private sectors even the state can also establish this specific form of market (Kubick et al., 2014). This essay tends to explain this kind of state monopoly market in Britain. However, the outcome is not equal for all countries, for instance, by adopting monopoly strategy, Britain has experienced various economical losses in its domestic and international market. This essay is going to explain some economic and political reasons, based on which the state has decided to nationalise some industries. Moreover, this is essay is going to describe some reasons for which the government has failed to attain its goal. Reasons behind state monopolies: To protect the state form excessive abuse of monopoly power, the government has undertaken some private companies, who have enjoyed this power in the market (Henckel McKibbin, 2017). However, State has also enjoyed monopoly power through controlling natural resources, for instance, energy resources and water supplies and producing some particular products, viz., telecommunications and steel production. By nationalising, the state cannot prevent the monopoly power of a private sector. However, practicing of monopoly power by some nationalised industries vary states wise. For instance, in Britain, the British Rail has earned low amount of revenue as most of the people other transports, especially, private cars. Energy is supplied by nationalised industry, which in turn, has influenced them to compete with other industries. For doing so, oil and gas industries bear advertisement costs. However, this increasing price of oil has negatively affected other energy producing companies, thoug h the government cannot decide that whether they should increase the price level of those energy products equivalent to that of oil price or not. The other reason of the state to provide monopoly power is to achieve economies of scale. By doing so, the state can create a competitive market for other firms, where those firms intends to maximise their production scale by investing small amount of money (Trentmann CARLSSON-HYSLOP, 2017). For this, most of the countries need a producer under the capital-intensive industry, who can support the nation to compete in the world market. Hence, state investment is essential; otherwise, the country can face various economical difficulties. For instance, due to lack of governmental investment, the British Steel has produced less amount of output, for which the country has imported more amount of output by 1975-76 compare to that in the year 1970-71 (Tschannerl, 2018). The argument of state monopolies can also be described from the political perspective. The first argument is supported by the Marxian concept (Foster, 2017). In Britain, through nationalisation, the government has taken away all assets from individual shareholders and have given those to government employees and to ministers. Therefore, in 1974, the labour party promised to nationalise aircraft industries, ports and shipbuilding (Medhurst, 2014). Moreover, in 1976, the party has taken a resolution regarding the nationalisation of insurance companies and the largest banks. Secondly, the state has nationalised some specific industries, which take parts on social activities by either providing similar services with low prices, for instance, transport service in rural areas or for an uneconomic sectors that needs more security to balance in various economical activities (Warde, 2017). These governmental activities have successfully divided the public goods with state industry. The government has taken responsibility of those declining industries to prevent the economic condition of a country. For instance, some leading industries of Britain like coal and railways have cut down work force successfully before nationalisation (Arnold, 2016). However, later those industries have found it difficult to remove their labour force easily and consequently, wage has become the fixed cost. Inefficiency of state monopoly: Britain has nationalised leading industries to protect the self-interest of the nation. However, one can rise about the efficiency of this procedure and the implication monopoly power in the economy of Britain. According to some economists, the government has taken a chance to protect the country through nationalisation (Massey, 2018). The state has forced those leading companies to nationalise as most of the industries have collapsed or many services have lost in the economy. However, in this context, it is important to state that the state cannot solve those problems only by nationalising them (Henderson, 2015). This is because the government may not understand the basic problems of those industries and for this may delay to take action. Consequently, some small industries have omitted from the industry after nationalisation, for instance, overseas communications business. By comparing nationalised companies of Britain with other western counties, the method of selection procedure can be understood. Most of the western countries have nationalised postal services and telephone services. Rail may be public, private or mixed for different countries. Moreover, some socialist countries of Western Europe have not nationalised large number of industries. On the other side, the political influence along with various governmental constraints, like attitudes of unions or parliamentary timetables, are more in Britain, which in turn, have controlled the process of nationalisation and denationalisation. Thus, for those unstable economical factors, the state has some nationalised industries, whose net output are comparatively low and contributed fewer amounts to the countrys GDP. However, the government has invested more amounts in those industries, which implies that the government has faced loss through nationalisation. Consequently, the nationalised companies, especially suppliers of capital goods, along with private ones, who have faced difficulties due to state monopolies, have pressurised the government due to those changes. Though the government has faced huge losses from some specific nationalised industries, they have provided higher amount of wage compare to that of private sectors to their workforce, who has captured 8% of total population during 1960s. Income of some specific sectors, like gas and electricity, coal and rail industry have increased almost by 152% while that of private sector has increased by 106% in 1970-75 (Hunter, 2018). However, after all those efforts, the government has faced losses as those nationalised companies have faced various difficulties at the beginning of the process and as their objectives have been remained indeterminate. Thus, they were informed to break even by taking one year or more than that for providing sufficient service or to become efficient. However, those objectives have made many conflicts among those nationalised industries. In an industry, where economies of scale exist, the producer can efficiently use existing equipment through charging the marginal cost from consumer for meeting his demand (Burger, Chaves-vila, Batlle Prez-Arriaga, 2017). However, until the economies of scale has exhausted, marginal costs remain below the lower compare to average costs and as a result, losses has occurred automatically. Thus, it is essential to discuss about the role of government and it decision to making a state monopoly market. Under this market condition, a producer by charging higher amount of price can earn excess profit. However, in practical scenario, this market structure may perform accordingly; for instance, Britain has faced some critical conditions after adopting this market structure (Alemu, 2018). The country, by adopting this economic concept, has tried to remove the monopoly power of private producers and their power of exploitation. For this, the state has undertaken some vital industries under their coverage and provide huge amount of interests. However, due to their lack of proper business objectives, they cannot perform well and the government has faced huge loss. In other western countries, the government has practiced monopoly power ( Schakel,2015). However, they have taken limited number of firms to nationalise and hence their degree of responsibility is low. On the other sid e, the government of Britain has nationalised various large-scale industries for some economical and political reasons. The state also tries to increase the economies of scale and also try to protect self-interest of labourers. As a result, state has provided salaries to their limited workers by a large amount. By following Marxian concept, they have decided to protect this exploitation. It can be seen from the above discussion that after all these efforts, the government cannot achieve its goal and has failed drastically. In this context, it can be mentioned that the government of Britain cannot follow the changing trend of international market (Jessop, 2015). Moreover, the institution has remained unsuccessful to adopt modern and new technologies, while private sectors have improved their production methods, which in turn, has helped those companies to compete in international market by adopting modern trend of fashion, technology and tastes of customers. The chief motive of a private company is to maximise profit while a nationalised firm always tries to maintain social welfare. This motive has helped companies to adopt various new business strategies according to the requirement of their business, for instance, a medicine company can introduce new business strategy in fashion sectors. However, for nationalised companies, adopting of this dynamic strategy has rema ined u acceptable due to the various rules and regulations of the government (Demeritt et al., 2015). The government, by providing various subsidies and securities, has tried to main a social welfare. On the contrary, under the protection of the government and monopoly power, those nationalised companies have not adopted new business strategies to compete with others in domestic and international market, which in turn, has negatively affected the economic conditions of the state. Moreover, unfair competition between private sector and public sector has adversely affected many companies to compete as most of the private companies with huge potential but lack of governmental support, have remained unsuccessful to adopt new business strategies and consequently, has abolished from the market after incurring huge loss. Inefficient monopoly market structure in Britain: Hence, it can be concluded that the practice of monopoly market structure, is not always, chiefly for Britain. Due to this unbiased market structure, some companies enjoy political and economical advantages, whereas, some companies have abolished from the market due to lack of support. The government has nationalised various large-scale industries to remove monopolistic power in private sectors, as it can adversely affect the socio-economical conditions. However, an inappropriate business strategy with lack of objectives of the government has adversely affected the economical conditions of Britain. Thus, monopoly practice is viable for an economy like Britain, where the government has appropriately adopted those strategies without adopting modern business strategy. However, the government has adopted those activities from various political and economical aspects, for instance, to eradicate labour exploitation, obtain economies of scale and to protect those companies, who provide soci al services in the state. Hence, the chief motive of the state has based on social welfare and public security. Hence, from this perspective the monopoly market structure is beneficial for the economy. However, due to governmental security and huge amount of subsidy, those nationalised companies have operated their business without any competition for which, they have not utilised their resources completely. In addition to this, they have incurred huge loss for maintaining old strategy of production. However, in some other western countries, the government has successfully adopted this monopoly strategy and have earned huge amount of profit. Those states have not nationalised all large scale-industries and with limited industries, they have earned revenues by adopting appropriate business strategies. Moreover, political and economical factors have not adversely affected those countries and for this reason, those states have uninterruptedly developed their business strategies for nat ionalised sectors and consequently, those countries have successfully competed with private sector industries and in international market, as well. Hence, from the perspective of those countries, monopoly market structure is viable. References: Alemu, R. (2018). Liberalisation of the Telecommunications Sector: From Public Monopoly to Competitive Telecommunications Markets. InThe Liberalisation of the Telecommunications Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa and Fostering Competition in Telecommunications Services Markets(pp. 33-55). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Arnold, J. (2016). " The Death of Sympathy." 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The Meaning of Work in a Sustainable Society: A Marxian View.CUSP Essay Series on the Morality of Sustainable Prosperity, (3). Gugler, K., Szcs, F. (2016). Merger externalities in oligopolistic markets.International Journal of Industrial Organization,47, 230-254. Haraguchi, J., Matsumura, T. (2016). CournotBertrand comparison in a mixed oligopoly.Journal of Economics,117(2), 117-136. Henckel, T., McKibbin, W. J. (2017). The economics of infrastructure in a globalized world: issues, lessons and future challenges.Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development,1(2), 254-272. Henderson, E. (2015). Quasi?Nationalisation in the UK Banking Crisis: A Problematic Policy Option.Financial Accountability Management,31(4), 463-481. Huck, S., Lnser, G. K., Tyran, J. R. (2016). Price competition and reputation in markets for experience goods: An experimental study.The RAND Journal of Economics,47(1), 99-117. Hunter, T. (2018). Converging Energy Governance in Mature Petroleum Provinces: Political, Legal and Economic Dimensions in Governing Mature Petroleum Fields in the North Sea. InThe International Political Economy of Oil and Gas(pp. 155-174). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. Idrees, I. A., Vasconcelos, A. C., Ellis, D. (2018). Clique and elite: inter-organizational knowledge sharing across five star hotels in the Saudi Arabian religious tourism and hospitality industry.Journal of Knowledge Management. Jessop, B. (2015). Margaret Thatcher and Thatcherism: Dead but not buried.British Politics,10(1), 16-30. Ju, X., Cheng, Y., Hu, Z., Lv, M., Chen, X. (2015). Determinants and consequences of price-leadership strategy: Evidence from Chinese manufacturer exporters.Transnational Marketing Journal,3(2), 81-111. Kairouz, S., Fiedler, I., Monson, E., Arsenault, N. (2017). Exploring the Effects of Introducing a State Monopoly Operator to an Unregulated Online Gambling Market.Journal of Gambling Issues, (37). Kubick, T. R., Lynch, D. P., Mayberry, M. A., Omer, T. C. (2014). Product market power and tax avoidance: Market leaders, mimicking strategies, and stock returns.The Accounting Review,90(2), 675-702. Leibowicz, B. D. (2018). Welfare improvement windows for innovation policy.Research Policy,47(2), 390-398. Massey, A. (2018). Persistent public management reform: an egregore of liberal authoritarianism?.Public Money Management, 1-10. Medhurst, J. (2014).That option no longer exists: Britain 1974-76. John Hunt Publishing. Moreno-Izquierdo, L., Ramn-Rodrguez, A., Ribes, J. P. (2015). The impact of the internet on the pricing strategies of the European low cost airlines.European Journal of Operational Research,246(2), 651-660. Neary, J. P., Leahy, D. (2015). When the threat is stronger than the execution: Trade liberalization and welfare under oligopoly.Economics Series Working Papers,775. Pierru, A., Smith, J. L., Zamrik, T. (2018). OPECs Impact on Oil Price Volatility: The Role of Spare Capacity.The Energy Journal,39(2). Schakel, A. H. (2015). Nationalisation of regional elections in Central and Eastern Europe.East European Politics,31(2), 229-247. Strm, T. E. (2018). The Road Map to Brave New World: Cartography and Fordism from Gulf Oil to Google.Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research,9(3), 307-334. Tobin, D. (2018). Technical self-sufficiency, pricing independence: a Penrosean perspective on Chinas emergence as a major oil refiner since the 1960s.Business History, 1-22. Trentmann, F., CARLSSON-HYSLOP, A. N. N. A. (2017). THE EVOLUTION OF ENERGY DEMAND IN BRITAIN: POLITICS, DAILY LIFE, AND PUBLIC HOUSING, 1920s1970s.The Historical Journal, 1-33. Tschannerl, G. (2018). PERIPHERY CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT-A CASE STUDY OF THE TANZANIAN ECONOMY.Utafiti Journal,1(1). Tyers, R. (2015). Service Oligopolies and Australia's Economy?Wide Performance.Australian Economic Review,48(4), 333-356. Warde, A. (2017). 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Agricultural Marketing Infrastructural Facilities †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Agricultural Marketing Infrastructural Facilities. Answer: Introduction: Located in Central region of Indian state Gujrat, Gandhi Pulse Mills is one of the largest pulse producing factories of India. Apart from the production of the pulse, Gandhi Pulse Mills also focuses upon the production of tobacco, millet, paddy and wheat. 55, 000 square feet is the area covered by Gandhi Pulse Mills and it is the leading company in Gujrat for trading of Pulses and Food Grains (Gandhipulsemill.com, 2017). There are more than 2200 customers who are valued by the organization and there are customers who are also based outside the country. There are three warehouses that belong to the organization which are the storage and manufacturer of the pulses of the company. During the start up of the business and for few months, Gandhi Pulse Mills only focussed upon supplying the demand of the customers of Gujrat only. But later when the demand for the products of the company increased, they also started exporting the products in the countries outside India and thus the demand fo r their products increased outside India. The expansion policy was followed by the business as the business determined that there is need for the products of the company outside the region and also the local customers showed intense satisfaction after consumption of their products. The international customers are also satisfied with the help of the business and supply of their products in the international market. The expansion of the business took place, but however the expansion in terms of employees of the organization was not followed and as a reason, the company failed to meet the demand of the customers in the regional as well as in the international market due to lack of workforce (Saxena, 2008). The service providers of the organization failed horribly in order to meet the customers demand and also the mangers of the organization was unable to meet the quality of the products as a result of the expansion process of the business. So, it can be seen that the demand for the products of Gandhi Pulse Mills has decreased as the customers are reluctant to buy the products of the company and the wait time of the customers are also increasing. There are competitors in the market like Jayesh Pulse Mills, Raja Pulse Mills and Ganpati Pulse Mills which have eaten up the market share of Gandhi Pulse Mills for the reason that Gandhi Pulse Mills was unable to meet the demand of the customers. The customers have shifted their attention towards the competitors as Gandhi Pulse Mills was unable to meet the demands of the customers (Asodiya, 2014). Also the brand image of the company has been affected as they were unable to supply the customers with the products and balance between the supply and demand was not maintained. Also the customers wait time increased rapidly due to the expansion in the international market and low workforce which have contributed towards the rapidly falling market share of the company in the highly c ompetitive market in the Pulse Industry. Situational Analysis The situational analysis of Gandhi Pulse Mills will help to understand the internal and external market of the organization in the context of the political as well as economic situation of the organization. It will also help us to understand about the social, technological, legal and environmental factors that are attached to the Gandhi Pulse Mills. The mentioned factors are the external factors of the organization and now coming to the internal factors of the organization determining the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be done with the help of the SWOT analysis. Understanding the internal and the external situation of the business is very significant for the Gandhi Pulse Mills in order to plan the strategies of the organization accordingly in the context of the situations that the company is facing (Tiwari et al., 2011). Both internal as well as external analysis can be conducted with the help of marketing research which in turn will help Gandhi Pulse Mills to ta ke decisions regarding the strategy of the company. With the help of the internal analysis, the weaknesses of the organization as well as the strengths of the organization can be understood by the Gandhi Pulse Mills. The strengths and the weaknesses are determined by the culture that the company follows and also the structure of the organization (Jobber et al., 2012). The company brand image also falls under the internal factor of the company and also the employees, awareness of the brand, financial resource and operational efficiency also falls among the internal resources of the company. The external analysis is the study of the environment which is outside the organization and affects the internal functions of the organization (Rothaermel, 2015). The suppliers as well as the business partners falls under the external analysis of the company and also the competitors, technologies that are new in the market, economy of the country where the company operates and so on falls under the external analysis. SWOT Analysis: The SWOT Analysis is an internal analysis of the company which helps us to determine the internal strengths and weakness of the company along with the external threats and opportunities of the organization (Grant, 2016). In the context of Gandhi Pulse Mills, the SWOT analysis has been conducted below in the tabular format: Strengths of Gandhi Pulse Mills: The first and the foremost strength of the organization lies in the advancement of the technology which can help the organization to adopt new technologies that are there in the market and produce more pulse in limited time and also deliver quality products to the customers of the organization (Narula, 2014). Gandhi Pulse Mills also have huge amount of financial resource in the company which can help them to invest money in various streams which in turn can help to develop the company and also keep the customers of the company satisfied with the help of supplying them with satisfaction due to the quality of the product. The suppliers also have very low bargaining power as there are many suppliers in the market and if they bargain, the company can change the suppliers with a very low switching cost (Avinash and Chavan, 2014). Weaknesses of Gandhi Pulse Mills: It is very difficult to maintain the balance between the demand from the side of the customers and the supply of the products as the workforce of Gandhi Pulse Mills is insufficient to meet the customers demand in the market. The workforce that is present in the company is not at all sufficient to produce the amount of products that is required by the customers of the organization and thus the customers demand are not met by the company (Dwivedi et al., 2015). It is also not possible to hold on to the product quality when the business is expanding and have a very limited workforce. So, the dropping quality of the products of Gandhi Pulse mills can also be considered as another weakness of the organization. Gandhi Pulse Mills also exports their products in the foreign market and for that reason during the currency fluctuation, when the rate of the Indian currency goes down, Gandhi Pulse Mills suffers a huge amount of loss which can also be considered as another weakness on the part of the company. Opportunities of Gandhi Pulse Mills: Promoting the products of the company in the foreign markets with the help of the financial resource that the company have on part of them can be helpful for the business to increase their sales in the markets outside India which can in turn raise the sales of the company (Mishra, 2015). With the help of the maintenance of the balance between the supply of the products in the market and the demand of the customers, Gandhi Pulse Mills can also recover the image of the brand which they lost due to improper maintenance of the balance between the demand and supply of the products. Threats of Gandhi Pulse Mills: The major threats of the organization comes from the competitors in the market and due to fierce competition in the market, the organization is not able to cope with the strategies as well as the policies that are used by the competitors in the market. Gandhi Pulse Mills also tends to satisfy the stakeholders that are present outside the country and tends to ignore the stakeholders of the country and thus if the stakeholders form outside India stop using the company products, the company can be in real danger which can be viewed as an extremely risky situation for the company (Kumar, 2014). Now coming to the external analysis of the company, in the external analysis, Pestle analysis can be done along with the Porters Five Forces: Pestle Analysis of Gandhi Pulse Mills: The Pestle analysis can be conducted in order to understand the external market situation that exists in the market in relation to Gandhi Pulse Mills and the factors that can be analyzed here are political, economic, social, technological, Legal and environmental. Under the political factor, it can be said that the Government of India is trying a lot to promote the agricultural sector of the country with the help of development throughout the sector. The pricing policy of the agricultural sector is determined by the central government of India as well as the Central Government provides loan to the farmers for producing the crops and buying seeds. Also Gandhi Pulse Mills is an initiative of the government and thus they receive grants from the government in order to develop the quality of their products and also provide the customers the products at a very low price (Chand et al., 2015). Also, there is tax applied by the government on Gandhi Pulse Mills which results in to decrease the profit of the company and also trade tariffs imposed on the mills which also decrease the profit of the company as well. Duty imposition can also change the level of profit of Gandhi Pulse Mills which is a major drawback for the company. The economic factors also play a significant role in the company and directly impact the business of Gandhi Pulse Mills as well. Firstly, the inflation and the deflation rate of the country can influence the behaviour of buying of the customers as well as the consumption power of the customers depends on the rate of inflation and deflation. The rate of employment and unemployment in India can also affect the Gandhi Pulse Mills and more the rate of employment, more the sales of the product of the company in the market and the less the rate of employment, the less is the demand for the products in the market. The social factors of Gandhi Pulse Mills states that people nowadays are becoming more health conscious and that is one positive factor for the company as pulses are healthy and doesnt contains fat (Birthal et al., 2013). Also, the expectancy of life is rising in the world with the help of the healthy diet that people are consuming and for that reason, Gandhi Pulse can gain benefits from these factors. There are a lot of technologies that the market is overflowed with in the 21st century with the help of the globalization of the businesses and for that reason, the technology is used in the production of pulses extensively in India. Gandhi Pulse Mills should adapt to the technologies that are there in the market in order to produce the products at a quick rate so that the balance between the demands of the customers and the supply can be maintained and also the customers can be provided with the products which are of high quality. Among the environmental factors that have effect on the company is that, the cleanliness of the pulses should be maintained throughout and the removal of the pulses that are rotten is very significant (Iriti and Varoni, 2017). Also, hygiene should be maintained throughout in order to provide the customers with best quality product. The grades of the pulses should also be done accordingly and Grade A pulses should not be mixed with Grade B pulses in order to provide the customers with the type of pulses they want to consume. There are various laws that are there in the legal factors of the company and Gandhi Pulse Mills should follow those laws in order to avoid any legal difficulty. While there are laws from the side of the Government, there are also various rules and regulations that are followed by the company. There are also rules of employment and basic salary that the company should follow so that they are able to avoid the difficulties in terms of legal notices from the Government of India. Evaluation and Application of Appropriate Theories From the instant case scenario it can be discerned that the present organization is facing issues to strike balance between demand and supply. They had been successful in bringing satisfaction to the regional customers by supplying good quality products at decent prices. However ever since they have started taking their business to an international level, the regional customer base has been suffering (Rios et al., 2013). The quality of the products has been going down making the local customers losing faith over the brand image of the company. Thus with the application of certain economic theories, the current imbalance in the demand and supply situation of the company could be resolved. The first significant theory which is to be discussed with respect to the current case scenario is the theory of supply. When referring to supply it is always with respect to scarce resources. In this case the product in consideration must be pulses as the company involved is a pulse mill. It refers to the amount of the commodity which the seller is able and wants to provide for sale at various prices for a period or unit of time. Now it is important to understand the law of supply. From the law of supply, it can be inferred that there exists a direct relationship between quantity of the amount of the product which is offered for sale for particular period of time and the price of the product (Charles et al., 2010). As the price of the product increases and other factors remaining constant, the quantity of the product which is offered for sale increases and vice versa. This means if the price of the product falls and other factors remain constant, the amount of the product that is of fered for sale comes down. Hence this relationship can be determined as the law of supply (Ehrenberg and Smith, 2016). The law of supply can be shown with the help of a diagram. The diagram shows that the quantity supplied is shown in the x axis and the price at which the product is sold is shown in the y axis (Canto et al., 2014). It is clearly seen that as the price of the product increases the supply of the product i.e. the quantity sold also increases. When the price of the product is Re 1 the amount supplied is just 20 units. When the price increases by Re 1 to Rs 2, the amount of the product supplied increases by 20 units to 40 units. Similarly when the price of the product becomes Rs 5 the amount of the product sold becomes 100 units. Hence the law of supply is dependant on the movement amount of goods which are available to satisfy the needs of the consumers. Thus increased or decreased supply of the products has an impact on the price. When there is shortage or dearth of a certain product, the cost of the product increases. Supply can be used for determining demand. Excess supply results in the decrease of demand of the customers. Hence supply theory can be used to develop business strategies and ways to deal with the present nature of organizational challenges. The present business situation suggests that the local customers are being neglected by the present organization by supply insufficient amount of products to them (Varian and Repcheck, 2010). Moreover there had been serious compromise with the quality of the product being supplied. This has created a demand and supply imbalance within the company. If the supply reduces as a result of lower demand, the company will lose valuable brand loyalty and customer base. The nature of the business also suggests that the company belongs to a perfectly competitive market where there are various rival businesses selling the same product. If they increase the rice by lowering the supply, the customers will opt to buy from other rival competitors who sell the same unit of the product for lower price (Baumol and Blinder, 2015). This will eventually hamper the sales of the company and will eventually impact the entire revenue of the product. Thus the business experts of the company should develop certain business strategies to ensure that the bridge between the demand and supply is reduced. They should increase their sales staff. They should develop a sales plan where they analyze the potential customer base and how much stocks and reserves should be kept to fulfil the demand of that customer base (Foster and Rosenzweig, 2010). They should ensure that home delivery services are provided to the customers so that they do not have to make efforts to derive the product. An important economic theory which can also be considered for bringing solution for the current organizational challenge is theory of production. Production can be termed as a process by which value is created or increases for the product. The product in such cases gets its utility. It refers to the method or process by which factors of production or inputs like labour, land, capital and technology gets converted into outputs like finished products and services. Another aspect of the production theory is the production function (Moulin, 2014). It refers to the functional connection or relationship between the inputs and the outputs during the process of production. Hence it is technical relation between the factors of production which are utilized in the process of production and the degrees or levels of output. Thus it is important to determine what the factors of production are (Iossa and Martimort, 2015). The first factor to be considered is land. Land includes natural resources l ike mineral, surface, rivers, seas, air etc. Land is always fixed in nature and cannot move. It is a free factor of production and does not involve any cost. When speaking of labour as a factor of production it refers to the effort given by an individual. This can be both physical as well as mental. When capital is considered as a factor of production, it is the investment made by the entrepreneur with respect to the process of production. It includes factors which can be moved from one place to another (Rader, 2014). Inputs can be either fixed or variable in nature. Examples of fixed input include factors of production like land and building. They remain fixed at a certain place and cannot be moved. The fixed inputs remain constant during a short period of time. During any level or degree of output, the amount of the fixed input remains constant. The expenses borne on these inputs are known as fixed costs (Hall and Lieberman, 2012). However in during a longer period of time the fixed inputs get converted into variable inputs. In case of variable inputs, during the long run the factors of production start changing as per the levels or volumes of production or output. Examples of variable inputs include aspects like labour and raw materials. It is pertinent to discuss about the law regarding the production functions. One of the laws is the law of variable proportion. It speaks of the production function in the short run. Here at least one factor of production is variable in nature. The quantities o f the other factors of production are considered as fixed. This law demonstrates the relation between input and output wherein one of the factors of production is variable (Boland, 2014). Herein if one of variable input is used more the total production increases at a high rate initially. However the total production increases at a lower rate. Finally the total production goes down. The other law is regarding return scales. Herein the production function in the long run has all the factors of production to be variable. From the analysis of the theory of production it can be said the particular theory should be taken into consideration for the development of strategies and solutions with regards to the instant problem faced by Gandhi pulse mills. According to the instant theory the personnel involved in production should take into consideration the price of the inputs or the factors of production (Reichl et al., 2013). It is also an important consideration other than just the price of the products. From the theory of production it can be inferred that price of a certain product is greatly dependent on the fixed costs and variable costs of the product. Thus the production managers have to take into consideration the factor of productions like the cost of labour, capital, land etc. In the instant scenario they have to take into consideration the cost of the raw materials involved (Altman, 2012. They should not compromise on the price of the products if the cost of the raw materials is high. They have to ensure that the raw materials are of the best quality which will ultimately enhance the quality of the finished product. This will help them to maintain their reputation by increasing customer satisfaction. Recommendations In the recommendations it can be said that Supply Theory should be used by the organization in the context of providing the customers with the supply of pulses at time. Reducing the waiting time of the customers is the main aim of the organization and for that reason; the supply needs to be synced with the demand from the part of the customers of the organization. The maintenance of the balance between demand and supply of the products of the company in the market can help the company to provide the company with competitive advantage over the competitors of the same industry and can also help them to build a reputation among the customers of the organization (Asiedu, 2015). It should also be kept in mind that high prices of the products from the part of the company can affect the demand of the products negatively and for that reason, the price of the products should also be reasonable in order to sale it to the customers of the organization. The waiting time of the customers can be reduced with the help of the use of the innovative and effective technologies in the pulse mills and for that reason the company should buy new technologies to reduce the customer wait time which is a significant factor which contributes towards the satisfaction of the customers. The managers of the organization should be able to focus upon the production of the company and the price of the commodity in the market. Innovative technology should be used in such a way that the production is more in the mills at a very less price which can also increase the sales in the part of the company and for that reason, the profit of the company will also rise in the market. 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